Free Essays on Poe - Insanity In His Characters

Poe utilizes a horde of settings and plots in his accounts and sonnets. The ongoing idea is that his storytellers give off an impression of being crazy. This is displayed in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, and â€Å"The Black Cat.† Montressor, the storyteller of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† displays craziness. Toward the start of the story, Montressor talks with extraordinary annoyance and regret. The peruser is then informed that the occurrence happened fifty years back. Clearly, an individual who might hold resentment for a long time so unequivocally that he wants to slaughter a man, this storyteller has mental issues. Likewise, the way that Montressor fastidiously arranged out the homicide of Fortunato shows that he is over the top and has mental issues. The homicide that Montressor murdered him, by tying him up to a divider and building a divider around him, is a twisted, unfeeling approach to slaughter him. Montressor shows madness in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† The second storyteller that shows madness is the mysterious storyteller of â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart.† The storyteller was headed to hard murder of poor people old man on account of a weird eye. The storyteller even questions his own madness expressing, â€Å"But for what reason will you say that I am mad?† (Poe) Yet the incongruity is, had not the storyteller quickly expected that he needed to safeguard himself against us feeling that he is distraught, that in itself elevated the general thought to the peruser, that he is distraught. He later on states, â€Å"Now this is the point. You extravagant me mad,† (Poe) affirming the underlying theory that he is crazy. At the finish of the story, the storyteller is captured by the specialists since he envisions hearing a heart beat that nobody else hears. The unknown storyteller of â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is doubtlessly crazy. The third storyteller that shows madness is the mysterious storyteller of â€Å"The Black Cat.† The creator starts the story expressing, â€Å"I neither expect nor so... Free Essays on Poe - Insanity In His Characters Free Essays on Poe - Insanity In His Characters Poe utilizes a bunch of settings and plots in his accounts and sonnets. The ongoing idea is that his storytellers have all the earmarks of being crazy. This is displayed in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, and â€Å"The Black Cat.† Montressor, the storyteller of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† displays madness. Toward the start of the story, Montressor talks with exceptional indignation and regret. The peruser is then informed that the occurrence happened fifty years prior. Clearly, an individual who might hold resentment for a long time so firmly that he wants to slaughter a man, this storyteller has mental issues. Additionally, the way that Montressor fastidiously arranged out the homicide of Fortunato shows that he is over the top and has mental issues. The homicide that Montressor executed him, by tying him up to a divider and building a divider around him, is a twisted, barbarous approach to murder him. Montressor displays craziness in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† The second storyteller that displays craziness is the mysterious storyteller of â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart.† The storyteller was headed to insensitive homicide of poor people old man due to a bizarre eye. The storyteller even questions his own craziness expressing, â€Å"But for what reason will you say that I am mad?† (Poe) Yet the incongruity is, had not the storyteller promptly accepted that he needed to protect himself against us feeling that he is frantic, that in itself elevated the general concept to the peruser, that he is distraught. He later on states, â€Å"Now this is the point. You extravagant me mad,† (Poe) affirming the underlying theory that he is crazy. At the finish of the story, the storyteller is captured by the specialists since he envisions hearing a heart beat that nobody else hears. The mysterious storyteller of â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is definitely crazy. The third storyteller that shows craziness is the mysterious storyteller of â€Å"The Black Cat.† The creator starts the story expressing, â€Å"I neither expect nor so...

Elijah Muhammad essays

Elijah Muhammad articles The explanation I decided to investigate the life of Elijah Muhammad is on the grounds that my father had done research on Malcolm X for a class in school, and I needed to get some answers concerning his instructor. I have found, during the time spent this of this exploration, some alarming data that I unquestionably had not anticipated. As you read this report, I trust you understand. Elijah Poole was conceived in Sandersburg, Georgia on Oct. 7, 1897, to William and Mariah Poole, who had 12 other kids. His folks were previous slaves, and he needed to stop school after third grade so as to procure enough cash as a tenant farmer to help bolster his family. Not long before the 1920s he wedded Clara Evans, with whom he fathered eight youngsters. In 1923 he moved his family from Macon, Georgia, to Detroit, Michigan. In 1930, Poole met Fard Muhammad, who accepted that it was the ideal opportunity for the blacks to come back to Islam, as far as anyone knows the religion of their progenitors. He got gave to the religion, and, in 1934, was given the title Incomparable Minister.1 In 1942, he was imprisoned for avoiding the draft. The draft required all guys between the ages of 18 and 44 to join, and he cannot, on claims that he was 45 and that his religion deny it. Muhammad was discharged toward the finish of the war, and found a similarity of himself in Malcolm X, one of the youthful new Muslims who had joined the Nation of Islam after the war. During the 1950s Muhammad guaranteed X as his best pupil. At that point, in 1964, X was killed, and Muhammad blamed the American government for being behind it. In 1975, Elijah His conventional instruction finished in 1906 when he was 9 years of age. He had to stop school since his family required more help. Be that as it may, this didn't prevent him from distributing a few papers wherein he attempted to convince blacks to change over to the way ... <!

Postpartum Depression Practicum Journal Assignment

Post pregnancy anxiety Practicum Journal - Assignment Example I arranged a gathering with the leader of the baby blues division of the general medical clinic in his office to talk about my examination of the three instances of post conveyance wretchedness. I organized a gathering with my tutor at his office to talk about the ramifications of my discoveries from the examinations that I assessed. I built up a structure of a useful report educational plan for nursing school in the examinations with respect to post conveyance care and the executives. There are different writings from explore examines that has been done everywhere throughout the globe concerning proof put together prescribed procedures with respect to the subject of post pregnancy anxiety through which I did surveys to build up the structure for the educational program. I planned to a build up a suitable baby blues showing plans for dealing with showing practice in nursing school particularly while taking care of the fallout of conveyance and the inconveniences that outcomes to disc ouragement. Plan of assessment studies for evaluation of adequacy of the present educational program in instructing post pregnancy anxiety and the executives rehearses. An investigation of all inclusive nursing prerequisites as identifying with baby blues was fundamental for legitimate comprehension of the resultant of post conveyance results. Objective # 1a: Analyses of three instances of baby blues cases inside the maternity unit were finished. All in all, the investigation finished a strategy gathering the past day’s record on the instances of baby blues and afterward doing an appraisal of the going to clinician’s staff records about the patient. Correspondence just as clinical aptitudes was fundamental territories of my assessment through which I would evaluate their viability in dealing with the instances of baby blues events. It was extraordinary exercises to understand that flawlessness in clinical abilities combined with great correspondence were instrumental i n appraisal of the baby blues inconveniences. I discovered that the essential impacts related with the complexities spin around obscured vision, c-segments and entanglements and breath inconveniences among others. Objective # 1b: My investigation assessed the discoveries of seven examinations that had recently been done in various pieces of the world concerning the after math of conveyance and potential turns of events. An exceptionally stunning measurement of one out of each ten ladies who were fruitful to conceive an offspring had a propensity of experiencing post pregnancy anxiety. The investigation affirmed my past finding that the clinical experts had a basic task to carry out in expeditiously illuminating the patients inside the most punctual conceivable time of taking note of the probability of the gatherings creating. Also, I gained from the experience of others that it is of vital significance to have this baby blues inconveniences ability to each lady in such a case that o ne is fortunate to maintain a strategic distance from the intricacy, might be a prompt individual inside one’s friend network. Various patients have various side effects of the downturn and intricacy that emerge after the conveyance. Through these investigation audits, I am no w better set to promote the examination on increasingly expand realities about the baby blues compli

The Relationship Between The Mind And Body Dissertation - 6050 Words

The Relationship Between The Mind And Body Dissertation (Dissertation Sample) Content: Dissertation Title: The Relationship Between The Mind And Body: An Analysis On The Impact Of Injuries On An Artist(University Name)(Module) (Student Name)(Student Number)(Submission Date)AbstractTitled The Relationship Between The Mind And Body: An Analysis On The Impact Of Injuries On An Artist, this study is concerned with determining the impact that injuries have on the mindset and creativity of an artist. The study is directed by the following three research objectives, i.e.: to find out the specific impact that a physical injury and pain has on the mindset of a human being; to determine the validity behind the theory of a cause and effect relationship between injury and creativity in art; and to ascertain whether there is a relationship between art and the healing of physical injuries.To gain insight into the topic, the research design adopted is descriptive in nature. The data collection method used is secondary data collection method from secondary sources su ch as books, journals and relevant websites. The data collected is analyzed using a Case Study Analysis using the painter Frida Kahlo as the case study. From the research findings, it was determined that indeed, the mind, body and art are interconnected. The condition of the body has an impact on the mind; art has an impact on the mind, which likewise has an impact on the body. As such, injuries in the body can spark artistic creativity in an individual and art, on its part, is therapeutic and can greatly facilitate in the healing process of injured bodies. The study concludes by recommending that more artists needs to channel their pain through art and health practitioners should conversely help their patients to channel their pain through art. Further research also needs to be undertaken on this top from an empirical standpoint so as to obtain the requisite quantitative data that would enhance the research findings. These are some of the findings that accrued from the current rese arch.table of contentsTITLE PAGE - 1 -ABSTRACT - 2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - 4 -1 CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH PROPOSAL - 5 -1.1 Introduction - 5 -1.2 Justification - 5 -1.3 Research Objectives - 6 -1.4 Scope of the Study - 7 -1.5 Research Hypothesis - 7 -2 CHAPTER 2: literature review - 8 -2.1 Introduction - 8 -2.2 The impact that physical injury and pain has on the mindset of a human being -8-2.3 The relationship between creativity and art -10-2.4 The relationship between art and the healing of physical injuries -11-2.5 Conclusions -12-3 CHAPTER 3: research methodology - 14 -3.1 Introduction - 14 -3.2 Research Philosophy -14-3.3 Research Design - 15 -3.4 Data Collection Methods -15-3.5 Data Analysis Methods -16-4 CHAPTER 4: case study analysis - 17 -3.1 Case Study Analysis of Frida Kahlo - 17 -5 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS - 26 -5.1 Introduction - 26 -5.2 Summary of Major Findings -26-5.3 Conclusion - 27 -5.4 Recommendations -28-6 LIST OF REFERENCES - 29-LIST OF ILL USTRATIONS Figure 1: Frida Kahlo, The Broken Column, Oil on Masonite, 1944 - 19 -Figure 2: Zufar Ali, The Nerve, 2013 - 19 -Figure 3: Frida Kahlo, Without Hope, Oil on Masonite, 1945 - 21 -Figure 4: Zufar Ali, Sheer Back,1945 - 21 -Figure 5: Frida Kahlo, Landscape, Oil on Masonite, 1946 - 23 -Figure 6: Frida Kahlo, Henry Ford Hospital, Oil on Metal, 1932 - 23 -Figure 7: Frida Kahlo, My Birth, Oil on Metal, 1932 - 25 -CHAPTER 1: PROPOSALIntroductionThe mind and body of a human being are interconnected. Art and pain may be considered to be strange bedfellows to some but interestingly; they actually tend to make the perfect pair. It is widely known that several great artists created their most iconic pieces during moments of excruciating pain, be it physical, emotional or psychological, and an analysis of why this relationship between pain and genius exists should make for compelling discourse. A great example of this phenomenon can be found in the life and works of Frida Kahlo, a Mexi can painter who was mainly known for her harrowing and raw self-portraits. Kahlo is the main inspiration behind the proposed thesis because she perfectly exemplifies the relationship between pain and art. When she was just 18, she was seriously injured in a crash that devastated her life immensely. While it had an adverse impact on her health and fertility, it effectively transformed her life forever and its rumored to be the engine behind her unique creative drive. Her art pieces are astoundingly grim yet agonizingly poignant, especially when viewed from the lens of the knowledge of the pain she had experienced. In addition to Kahlo, other artists with similar pain- filled backgrounds shall be analyzed during the proposed research for a comprehensive analysis into the topic. It is against this backdrop that the proposed research will therefore be an investigation into the devastation of injury and the resultant artistic brilliance it seemingly causes.JustificationI have personally been affected by an excruciating injury that dramatically changed the way I viewed the world and art in general. Following the injury, I noticed that I increasingly began to subconsciously feel the urge to express my pain and anguish through my art and this can be evidenced through my most recent art works. This pain/ artistic expression dichotomy has thus begun to intrigue me. As such, I want to research and explore just how the devastation of an injury can magnify depression and inspire creativity.The injury I suffered damaged me physically and after what seemed like an eternity of just enduring, I discovered that my mental state was evolving in such a way that I had started to express my pain and suffering in a constructive and visual manner instead of letting the feelings and emotions fester which could have resulted in more misery and pain. If I had not found this artistic release to help free the pain, I fear that my mental state would have declined and I would have suffered a breakdown. Fortunately, the contrary happened and I ended up finding a new passion for my art and starting a new chapter in this existence. As a Case Study, I shall use Frida Kahlo as my main influential artist because the mountains we climbed were similar in shape and size. She suffered immense physical torture as I did when I was in my accident that caused me to deteriorate both physically and mentally. I feel like this coincides with my practice very well as my work closely relates to my accident I had when I was 20, an accident that also transformed my life forever and seemingly obliterated my ambitions. Research ObjectivesPrimary ObjectivesThe main study objective of the proposed research is to discover the impact that a physical injury has on an artist and their art.Secondary Objectives There are several specific objectives this research seeks to achieve, namely:To find out the specific impact that a physical injury and pain has on the mindset of a human being. To determine the validity behind the theory of a cause and effect relationship between injury and creativity in art.To ascertain whether there is a relationship between art and the healing of physical injuriesScope of the StudyThe scope of the study is limited to the artists of the past 100 years who have experienced physical injuries and pain and who expressed this pain through their works of art. Research HypothesisResearch hypothesis have been generated by studying the theories and research results of previous researchers and they are as follows:There is a positive correlation between mind and bodyThere is a positive correlation between physical injury and depressionThere is a positive correlation between depression and artistic creativityCHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWIntroductionThere exists a limited body of literature relating to the impact of physical injuries on an artist. Most studies focus on the impact that injuries have on sportsmen or dancers with very few studies devoted exclusively to the artists who have been affected by physical injuries. This is despite the fact that there have been a number of influential artists for whom physical injuries have had a dramatic impact on them and their work. Most of the resources that exist are in the form of articles with very few books or journals exclusively focusing their attention on this most fascinating topic. This knowledge gap is probably attributable to the lack of convergence between Fine Art and the health sciences as well as the lack of resources to undertake such a study for individual scholars. Nonetheless, despite this dearth of information, the current study will attempt to glean the existing information on the subject to provide a comprehensive overview on the subject. References to various articles, journals, books and Internet resources by various authors will be incorporated into the evaluation. The following discussion will first look at studies that analyze the impact that physical injuries have on t he minds of human beings. Thereafter, the literature review will focus the relationship between physical injury and creativity in art. Finally, the chapter will conclude with an analysis of the relationship between art and its healing properties with respect to physical injuries. The impact that a physical injury and pain has on the mindset of a human being. The body and mind, though different, are interrelated. The wellbeing of the mind has a direct effect on the body and vice versa. In his influential work, Russell (2007) analyses the psychological impact that sports injuries have on spor...

Bus 642 Week1 - 1544 Words

Assignment 1 Ashford University Business Research Methods amp; Tools BUS 642 Dr. Raj Singh Assignment 1 What is business research? Why should there be any question about the definition of research? In business, managers need to respond to any issues that may arise in the business. While one may be prone to do this based on past experience, the wiser choice would be to use business research to gather the information to make decisions as business research will increase the likelihood that the solution would make a positive impact. According to Business Research Methods, the definition of business research is the structured questioning which provides information by which to guide wise decisions that maximize the impact of the†¦show more content†¦These may include surveys sent to both types of associates in order to determine motivational forces behind selling. While information is gathered, action is not instantaneous. However, the data may be used in the future. The idea is to find the thought patterns behind the action of an individual. A sales force manager needs to have information in order to decide whether to create a custom motivation program or purchase one offered by a consulting firm. What are the dilemmas the manager faces in selecting either of these alternatives? In order to make the decision on a motivation program, a manager must first use business research in order to determine the needs of the associates. While an in-house motivational program may appear to be more cost effective, this may not be the case if the program does not meet the end goal. Therefore, goals must be defined before the decision is made. A survey of motivational actions or education must be compiled to determine the needs of the staff. At this point, the manager must make the decision if the resources necessary are housed within the firm. Merely having a trainer may not be enough if the trainer does not have the education to teach the motivational course. As well, there must be room and allotment time within the firm. A benefit may be that the training can be staggered as to not totally shut down production; however, if a conference room needs to be rented this would no longer be as cost efficient. Similar

Ethics Of Cheating Essay - 752 Words

Cheaters Never Win, Oh wait they do†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦they’re Cheaters Cheating is defined in the dictionary as, to deceive by trickery; swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People have many different beliefs when it comes to cheating; some think its fine to do while others completely disapprove. I intend to show the different beliefs, from different perspectives of people, and also intend on proving which beliefs have the strongest and weakest arguments. An ethical egoist could argue that we have an obligation to cheat. Ethical egoists maintain the belief that we should act selfishly. We should do things that we believe in our self-interest, which is our own genuine interest. Egoist would cheat to†¦show more content†¦A cheater would not be regarded as a good person but rather, a bad person and a liar. A utilitarian would probably agree with cheating. Utilitarianism believes that morals are based on the happiness or misery of people. If a person cheated and got an A on the test, they would obviously be happy. Utilitarians also have the tendency to look at the short-term affects of a situation. For example, cheating would result in an A, however the broad perspective is that nothing would be learned, or if they were to get caught cheating they would fail, therefore in actuality they are not benefiting at all. Deontology on the other hand would argue that you should not cheat. Deontology assumes that we all have clear sets of duties that we ought to obey, these are given to us from God or our own reason. Therefore cheating is obviously wrong, so you ought not to cheat. Deontology believes that you have a set of duties that you follow. In deontological ethics, an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the result of the action is good. 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Ib Ee English B free essay sample

American Society Should Take Responsibility for its Troubled Teenagers Research question: Regarding Green Day’s twelve-minute-long music video â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia† as well as its lyrics, how have the problems of American society led to the problems of American teenagers? Candidate Name: He, Jing Candidate Number: 001458-039 School Name: Shanghai Pinghe Bilingual School School Code: 001458 Word count: 3672 Abstract: I’m concerned about America’s troubled children and curious about the cause of their problems after I watched Green Day’s 12 minute music video â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia. Their discontent and self-destruction shocked me. Therefore, regarding that music video and the lyrics of â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia,† this essay is going to focus on how the problems of American society have led to the problems of its troubled teenagers. This essay is divided into two parts. Part one presents two main problems of troubled teenagers, which are sub stance abuse and an apathetic attitude. Part two further discusses three reasons teenagers are doing all these things and the social problems which are likely to cause their problems. First, schools, which give up on their troubled children too easily, and irresponsible parents are responsible for teenager’s lack of education. Then the irresponsible parents’ problems are further discussed by analyzing the role of the mother in the music video, which indicates that the impact of broken homes and the parents’ own self-destruction on teenagers is profound. Thirdly, the hypocrisy of the American government is a big part of the cause of teenagers’ discontent. Its hypocrisy is embodied in its negligence of overty and unemployment, and general lack of awareness of poor people. Finally, the irresponsible and unethical media is responsible for mass negative advertisements and TV shows, and neglecting the existence of troubled teenagers. The conclusion is that the hypocrisy of American government, schools and the media and irresponsible parents cause teenagers’ apathetic attitude. Mass negative advertisement and parents’ self-destru ctive behaviors give teenagers the impulse to try these behaviors themselves. Overall, the society fails to save those teenagers who can be saved. Or more than that, is it possible that Americans agree with the social problems mentioned in the songs? Then I have to question: Society is supposed to be a safe place for its own people, but why are these so many Americans who hate their country? Why are there numerous Americans who don’t want to be American? Why does the youth complain about society so much? Are the use of drugs, alcohol and all of negative behaviors of young Americans caused by the problems of society? This essay, regarding Green Day’s 12 minute music video â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia† as well as its lyrics, is going to focus on the problems of American teenagers who live in terrible environments which have high crime and unemployment rates, and how they are the result of problems in American society. â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia† consists of five parts, which are â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia,† â€Å"City of the Damned,† â€Å"I dont care,† â€Å"Dearly beloved† and â€Å"Tales of another broken home. † All the lyrics mentioned in this essay are from Green Day’s 12 minute music video â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia. Also some lyrics in the song will help to analyze the main ideas. Part 1: Problems among Teenagers Presented in the Music Video as well as in the Lyrics The music video begins with two couples fighting each other, which presents the life style of abandoned, self-destructive and disaffected American teenagers. Nasty streets lay u nder lost kids’ feet; they stared at the â€Å"city of the dead† with their eyes wide open. Their problems are more than just tattoos, body piercings, and strange make-up; they cheat, steal and lie for a reason; however, the two major problems are substance abuse and an apathetic attitude. Substance Abuse: Apparently, substance abuse is the most severe problem among American teenagers presented in both the music video and its lyrics, where the lyrics said â€Å"to alcohol and cigarettes / and mary jane/ to keep me insane / doing someone elses cocaine† (19-22). CASA report claimed that â€Å"the consumption of alcohol, the use of tobacco and marijuana and the abuse of prescription drugs is on the rise among teens. †[1] However, more attention should be focused on how teenagers obtain the drugs. For economically-dependent teenagers who can barely afford drugs, they can only steal or rob other’s drugs or â€Å"do someone else’s cocaine† (22), but who is the person referring to in this line? He could be a gangster, a drug dealer or even a parent. Any of these possibilities indicates how American teenagers are affected by the drug use and the society they lived in. Apathetic Attitude: The repetition of â€Å"I don’t care if you don’t† (56) in part III of â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia† has made teenagers’ apathy in American society clear. They don’t care about the negative effects of theft, violence and substance abuse to society and themselves; they don’t care if they are wasting their youth; they don’t care if cheating on their partner is unethical; the only thing they pay attention to is their temporary excitement and joy. In the music video, the characters are addicted to night clubs, sexual promiscuity and so much more. The music video might be exaggerating and one-sided. However, The Washington Post reported in 2008 that â€Å"In the past year, 30 percent of U. S. igh school students have stolen from a store and 64 percent have cheated on a test, according to a new, large-scale survey suggesting that Americans are apathetic about ethical standards. †[2] Therefore, the apathetic attitude is a general problem among American teenagers. Part 2: How are the Problems of American Teenagers the Result of the Problems in American Society? Lack of Education: Apparently, schooling, the role of e ducation, was absent from the music video in which American teenagers seemed to have nothing to do except wasting time. The lyrics â€Å"oh therapy, can you please fill the void† show the vacuum inside American teenagers’ hearts and minds. This vacuum is mainly caused by being out of school. There are two main reasons why teenagers are out of school. First, they are expelled by schools. A study published in The New York Times found out that â€Å"[in] the last 20 to 25 years, there have been dramatic increases in the number of suspensions and expulsions. †[3] This finding explicitly showed the growing number of troubled kids. However, implicitly, it showed a weakness in the American education system itself. Is suspension the right solution to teenagers’ problems? Mr. Capo, a vice president of the Houston Federation of Teachers told The New York Times â€Å"Are suspensions the tool to improve student behavior and help them be successful? No, I don’t think that’s the case. †3 He claimed that teachers are simply avoiding the problems American teenagers have and the chaos it might cause to have them in school. I would say, they’ve abandoned their kids and their responsibility. Even the educators couldn’t care less about the problem kids, so it’s no wonder the lyrics would say â€Å"Lost children with dirty faces today / no one really seems to care† (54-55). After they are expelled, the possibility for them to be accepted by another public school is much lower than before. If they can’t afford to go to private school, then their options are either to find a job or be abandoned. The realistic music video presented the worst case in which the kids have a rotten life. Although the educators are not responsible for the bad nature of those students, it is their fault that they give up on their teenagers too easily when they can do something to save them. The second reason many teenagers don’t go to school is because of rresponsible parents, who don’t care whether their kids are being educated because they themselves are not well-educated and probably accidentally become pregnant due to lack of birth-control. It’s a vicious cycle. If their kids don’t want to go to school and consider it a waste of time, then their parents won’t bother, or they are not capable of, persuading them to go. The damage cause d by irresponsible parents to their children will be further discussed in next section â€Å"Irresponsible Parents. † Irresponsible Parents: Analyzing the role of the mother in the music video â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia† The first scene the mother appeared in the music video is in the night club where she had drinks and cigarettes in hand, drunk and overjoyed, and even refused to go home with her son. She is as troubled as her son, only older with plastic surgery done. Her other problem is that she is not capable of educating her son. She is not only unemployed so she has nothing to do just like her son, but also living on the fantasy of lottery tickets which her son considered stupid. He said to his mother â€Å"You sit there with your f**king scratch off lottery tickets. You think ‘oh maybe maybe tomorrow it’s all gonna change. ’ You never gonna get the f**king right numbers. † Her son showed no respect to her, throwing four-letter-words in her face, and he was aware of his mother’s problem better than she was. Apparently, she is not a responsible parent. The mother’s poor parenting has for-reaching consequences on her son. First of all, her son imitated all her behaviors; hangovers, drug use, sexual promiscuity, smoking, swearing etc. â€Å"Teenagers had attitudes more like parents than peers. An eight-year study of 300 teenagers by Francis Ianni of Teachers College of Columbia University compared teens in urban, suburban, and rural environments showed this result. [4] Although it might not be the only trigger of teenagers’ substance abuse, the bad influence parents have on their kids is profound. Second, she had no regard for her son’s life, since she made no attempt to get her son under control. In addition, she was not capable of educating her son, not to mention the fact that she had to tolerate her son throwing garbage in her face. At the end of the music video, she even watched her son runaway. Third, the absence of the father in the family also indicated it’s a broken home. The lyrics also complained â€Å"A living room on my private womb / while the moms and Brads are away† (16-17). Instead of â€Å"dad,† Green Day used a stranger’s name â€Å"Brads† to indicate that he was from a broken home and his mother didn’t care about him, only her own sexual satisfaction. Apparently his mother failed to understand the huge impact of the broken home on her son. Another story written by Stacey King who comes from a broken home shows the inside of an injured child’s heart. She suffered from attachment issue and communication barriers; she said â€Å"I settle for less than I deserve. †[5] She attributed all of her problems to her family, in which her father â€Å"never tried to connect with her,† her mother was addicted to drugs and was eventually murdered in a drug deal. Stacey was lucky to survive from the pain and protected herself from drugs, cigarettes and drinks. However, the kids in â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia† didn’t. In the lyrics â€Å"born and raised by hypocrites,† (61) the teenagers’ frustration and anger boils over and they describe their parent as hypocrites. They depend on drugs and hangovers to forget about the pain, and eventually became addicted to them. Although parents might not be the only people Green Day refers to as â€Å"hypocrites† or the only cause of teenagers’ rotten lives, bad parenting and broken homes are definitely big factors of teenage problems. Then let’s discuss what social problems have caused the problems of irresponsible parents. The most important one is that society neglects the life of the poor which means the poor don’t get the help they are suppose to have from the government. The American government’s problems will be further discussed later in the section â€Å"Hypocrisy of the American Government. † Resentment of Life and Society, and Taking Revenge Analyze Punk Subculture in the Music Video: The first thing that will get your attention immediately in this music video is its catchy punk culture, from the oddly-dyed hair to the strange make-up they are wearing; from the body-piercings to the grim tattoos; from the unconventional personal decoration to the dirty graffiti they left everywhere. They are all part of the punk subculture which cultural sociologist Dick Hebdige once described as â€Å"the sartorial equivalent of swearword† (Hebdige, Dick. 114). Besides, Green Day’s music style, although still hard to be accurately defined, is derived from punk music. Punk music originated in England in 1976 when the Sex Pistols came out shocking the crowd by their famous song â€Å"God Save the Queen† to express resentment and discontent towards the government. Although punk music was only popular for 18 months, the punk subculture has survived, and now Green Day has brought punk music as well as the spirit of punk music, expressing out resentment and anger towards society, life, politicians or government, to mainstream culture. I consider the revival of punk music in the late 90s as history repeating itself: government again failed their teenagers just like what happened in 1976 in England. The second part of the song â€Å"Jesus of Suburbia† is titled â€Å"City of the Damned† which described a city without love, care and trust; instead it was full of â€Å"misleading signs† and â€Å"lost highways. This part alludes to American society as a whole, a country without faith. The Source of Resentment: Hypocrisy of the American Government In the music video, social workers tried to brush away the dirty graffiti in the bathroom, but there was never a role to help the teenagers who created the graffiti. Green Day’s message in this scene might be that the government doesn’t care about those teenagers. Instead, it only cares about outward appearance. It betrayed its own vow of â€Å"No Child Left Behind,† the educational bill passed under George W. Bush. The lyrics â€Å"lost child with dirty faces today / no one really seems to care† (54-55) not only refers to the irresponsible educators and parents, but also refers to the American government during George W. Bush’s term, since Green Day release this song in the year 2005. The hypocrisy of the American government is embodied in three main perspectives. First, the American government failed to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. Data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) showed in 2009, 43. 6 million people were in poverty and it is still increasing. 6] Even worse, the New York Times indicated that in 2007 â€Å"[the] top 300,000 Americans collectively enjoyed almost as much income as the bottom 150 million Americans. †[7] It also claimed that the policy attempted to narrow the gap was not as efficient as former president Bush said. As a matter of fact, it benefitted the wealthy even more. An unemployed American citizen, Dan Larkin, said, â€Å"They ’re sending $87bn to the second richest oil nation in the world but can’t afford to feed their own here in the States. †[8] The allocation of government expenditure is irrational, because it didn’t give priority to people’s welfare. Secondly, the high rate of unemployment is definitely a big issue in America. More and more people are out of a job; the policy made by the government doesn’t work the way it was supposed to be. â€Å"The nations unemployment rate shot up to 6. 4 percent in June, the highest level in more than nine years, in an economic slump that has added nearly a million people to jobless rolls in the past three months,† the Associated Press published in an article titled â€Å"Bush’s Economy. †[9] Apparently, during Bush’s term, people blamed him for the unemployment issue. Many other artists also discuss this issue in their work. For example, Pink released a single in 2006 titled â€Å"Dear Mr. President† with straightforward and cynical lyrics: â€Å"let me tell you ‘bout hard work / minimum wage with a baby on the way / let me tell you ‘bout hard work / rebuilding your house after the bombs took them away† (28-31). The unemployed mother in the music video was just one of the victims. She couldn’t afford a better education for her son, resulting in her son’s lack of education and self-destruction. When poor or unemployed people are not able to support themselves and their children’s lives, government should guide them out of poverty. If not, the problems of the poor will worsen, such as unemployment, lack of education, drug abuse etc. , and will eventually affect their children’s behavior and lives. For example, for jobless and unskilled working-age people, the government could give them job training so they can find their own jobs, or become self-employed. Alternatively, the government can set up government-operated charities to offer them jobs to build the infrastructure of the country. In addition they could offer temporary shelters for homeless people until they find a job that allows them to support themselves. Also better education, healthcare, and food are the things the government should offer to the poor to improve their living standard. The American government has done much less than they could have to help troubled teenagers and their parents, which leads to the reason for teenagers’ apathetic attitudes and resentment towards society. The way American teenagers in the music video lived was very similar to the lifestyle of hippies – full of sexual promiscuity, drug use and unconventional attire. The difference is that hippies separated themselves from mainstream life; however, many American teenagers are isolated by American society. From the media, American teenagers realize how different life could be in other areas of America like New York City’s Upper East Side. This will naturally evoke their resentment towards American society because it has abandoned the responsibility of taking care of their people. More ironically, a large segment of the American population isn’t aware of and, even worse, doesn’t care about the poverty in America, just like what the music video â€Å"Sleeping Now in the Fire† by Rage Against the Machine showed. It constructed a show where candidates would be rewarded when they answer the questions correctly.

Inflation in Saudi Arabia

Introduction In the recent past, there has been an unprecedented easing of monetary and fiscal policies in many countries. This has raised widespread concerns that the policies may plunge the world economy into a period of hyperinflation. Already in Saudi Arabia, inflation has been rising. This has been attributed to the government’s recent expansion of fiscal lending, which makes a rise in inflation inevitable. The main factors that drive Saudi’s inflation include food prices, high inflation in trading partner’s economies, and a rise in domestic rent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Inflation in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Methodology In the eighties and nineties, inflation in Saudi Arabia was maintained at a low of 1%. However, since 2003, the inflation rate has risen rapidly and by 2008, it exceeded 11%: a phenomenon that has negatively affected the citizens (Mehran, 2009 , p. 3). Although the World financial crisis resulted to a temporary decline in the inflation rate, it again started rising since 2010. This paper, using the quarterly data from 1980 to 2010, examines the causes behind the inflation in Saudi, its effects, and the effectiveness of the counter-strategies and policies the Saudi government has put in place to curb the rising inflation. The paper will also investigate the solutions provided to the problem of runaway inflation and give recommendations on the same. The paper utilizes a methodology that incorporates both foreign and domestic factors that affect the inflation rate in the Saudi context. It will examine the external factors as a source of inflation in Saudi, given the open trade nature of the Saudi economy characterized by oil exports and importation of consumer goods from overseas. The rise in the prices globally will be examined alongside the Saudi domestic prices. Given Saudi’s dependence on exports, fluctuation in t he value of the US dollar is a fundamental determinant of the rate of inflation in Saudi both in the short-term and long-term. Additionally, the rise in the domestic demand fuelled by the sharp increase in oil prices has also accelerated the rate of inflation in Saudi Arabia. By focusing on each factor in turn, this paper aims to find the correlation between inflation in Saudi’s trading partners (OECD countries) and the domestic inflation rate. The paper will also undertake a food price outlook in the wake of rising inflation rate and its effects on Saudi staples such as rice and wheat. What is Inflation? Inflation is a common term in economic circles, but its meaning is often misconstrued. Inflation, in simple terms, refers to a continuous increase in prices of goods and services in an economy (Dhakal, Kandil, 1993, p. 414). More specifically, inflation refers to the continuous increase in prices as measured by consumer indices like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or a price deflator such as that used for the determination of Gross National Product (GNP) (Juselius, 1992, p. 401).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Inflation can also be described as the loose of the purchasing power of a country’s currency because of too much money in circulation, or rise in consumer demand. Under these circumstances, more cash is needed to purchase goods previously bought at a lower price. Thus, in defining inflation, two terms must be clarified. First, is the general or aggregate; this implies that the inflation rate constitutes the rise in prices of the entire goods in an economy as opposed to focusing on an isolated increase in the price of a given commodity (Juselius, 1992, p. 402). Here, the implication is that a rise in prices of a single commodity cannot serve as an indication of inflation in an economy. However, in some circumstances, a rise in the price of a single commodity can lead to a rise in the prices of other products. An example here is oil prices. Nevertheless, such an isolated rise in prices of a given commodity does not indicate inflation, unless the price induces the aggregate price level of an economy to rise. Second, the increase in the aggregate price level must occur over a given period; that is, it must be sustained for inflation to occur. In other words, the aggregate price level must rise continuously over a given period or period intervals separated by one sharp increase in the price level. Types of Inflation The types of inflation are distinguishable based on the magnitude of the rise in annual prices and the period over which it continues to rise. As such, inflation conventionally ranges from mild inflation to severe inflation. An annual price rise of 1% for several years amounts to mild inflation, which does not warrant much attention given that the price index figures may not be remarkably accurate. Fo r instance, in times of war, quality or quantity of goods may deteriorate resulting to a rise in the real price level, which the price index may not capture. On the other hand, an aggregate price level that rises at an average of 2 or 3 percent annually cannot be ignored especially if it continues over a prolonged period (Juselius, 1992, p. 404). It may not be serious if it continues for a few years after which the prices decline or stabilize at a lower level. However, if the annual price rise is continuous with no spans of lower prices, then it presents a serious problem even at 2 or 3%.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Inflation in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inflation can be grouped into four broad categories based on its magnitude; creeping inflation, walking inflation, running inflation and hyperinflation (Juselius, 1992, p. 407). Creeping inflation-is the inflation that occurs when the an nual price rise is low. A continuous annual price rise of not more than 3 % per annum is a creeping inflation. It is considered ineffectual and necessary for economic growth. If this inflation continues for a prolonged period, it is referred to as chronic creeping inflation, which can be intermittent or continuous. Walking Inflation- is the inflation that occurs when the annual price rise is moderate. The inflation rate in this case is a single digit usually above 3% but less than 10% per annum. Walking inflation indicates that the government must implement policies to control it before it becomes a galloping or trotting inflation. Running Inflation- is the inflation that occurs when the price rise is rapid and accelerated at a rate of 10 to 20% annually. It is also known as galloping or trotting inflation. Running inflation has profound adverse effects on the middle class and the poor citizenry of a country. It calls for strong fiscal and monetary policies to control it. When it ha ppens, creditors demand protection from anticipated lose of the currency’s purchasing power while debtors get the impression that they will reap from the higher rates. Hyperinflation- is the inflation that occurs when the annual price rise is unusually high with double or triple digit inflation rates. At hyperinflation stage, the inflation rate is immeasurable and uncontrollable. As such, the prices of commodities can rise continuously in a short time resulting to a continuous decline in the currency’s purchasing power. Causes of Inflation in Saudi Arabia Previous studies on the reasons behind inflation in most countries identify some domestic and external factors as the causes of inflation. These factors include demand, monetary factors, cost-push, and foreign inflationary trends. Hasan and Alogeel (2008, p. 45), while focusing on Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, established that currency supply and demand affect the inflation rate in the short run while inflation in foreign trade partners influences inflation in the two countries in the long run. In contrast, Darrat (1985, p. 211) established that inflation in Libya, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria is affected by minimal growth in real income and higher currency supply. He also established that Saudi’s inflationary rate is more affected by prices in international markets than by fiscal or monetary policies. Another study by Alshathree (2003, p. 12), examined the causes of inflation in the countries that make up the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) of which Saudi is a member. He found that internal factors such as GDP growth and currency supply and external factors such as high world prices, import prices and interest rates globally influenced inflation in these countries. Additionally, Alshathree (2003, p. 17) established that inflation is not a serious threat to Gulf countries at least I the short run. However, it has the potential of causing harm to the economies of these countries in the end. Thus, t he world prices and interest rates is a leading cause of inflation in the GCC economies because of their reliance on imports. However, Kandil and Hanan (2009, p. 4) believe the contrary; that world prices are not the main cause of inflation in GCC economies, rather oil prices are. They contend that oil prices influence the world prices leading to a sharp rise in the prices of imports. Additionally, the increase in oil prices results to increased government spending due to a rise in oil revenues, in these countries. This in turn results to a rise in domestic demand pushing up inflation. By using a methodology that includes both internal and external factors, this paper will investigate inflation in a Saudi context. The economy of Saudi Arabia is an open trade economy given that the country is a significant exporter of oil products and a net importer of a variety of products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that Saudi is prone to inflation resulting from a rise in the price imports from inflation-affected countries. At the same time, Saudi can transfer inflation to its trading partners via oil exports. Additionally, the domestic price is largely influenced by the cost of non-tradable items that rely on a number of monetary factors. Normally, the price level, an indicator of inflation, is determined as a weighted mean of the cost of both the tradable and non-tradable goods (Engle, Granger, 1987, p. 252). Tradable goods rely on external factors such as exchange rates and world prices. The prices of non-tradable goods, on the other hand, depend on the domestic demand, which is a product of the domestic money market conditions. Thus, in a Saudi context, the external factors are the principal causes of inflation, which arises from the fact that the Saudi economy is an open economy with high import volumes from oversea markets. As a result, a rise in world prices and the fluctuat ion in exchange rates i.e. the Riyal against the Dollar stimulate inflation in both the short run and long run. Additionally, a rise in domestic demand in Saudi resulting from a sharp rise in oil prices, has also led to a rise of the inflation rate. Effects of Inflation in Saudi Arabia A small inflation rate or creeping inflation is a praiseworthy thing in any economy. In contrast, deflation tends to reduce domestic consumption as it makes households postpone expenditure by expecting a further drop in prices. This, in turn, influences firms to reduce their investment as the consumption rate declines. Subsequently, the national output begins to shrink resulting to unemployment and slow economic growth. Additionally, the real interest rates increase resulting to a credit crunch and massive defaults. Nevertheless, high inflation is problematic. It distorts prices of commodities adversely affecting savings and the value of earnings, which discourages investment. It also stimulates capit al flow into foreign assets and unprofitable real estate thereby affecting economic planning. Hyperinflation can trigger political and social unrest. Thus, an average, predictable and sustainable inflation rate is the ultimate goal of any monetary policy as it protects producers and consumers and encourages saving. Saudi’s experience with rising inflation has had profound effects on its economy Given the rise in inflation, the cost of living index (CLI) Saudi rose by an average of 9.9 % in 2008 indicating a rise in prices of consumer goods (Hasan, Alogeel, 2008, p. 34). The wholesale price index also increased by 9% over the same period, which indicates a further pressure on consumers. In particular, the inflationary pressures were felt in the food and beverage index that rose by an average of 14% in 2008. Large increase were evident in the cereal sector with rice, a key staple food for Saudi citizens, cooking oil and dairy products; all of which are imported from other coun tries. The trend reflected the global oil prices, which rose by an average of 38% during in 2007/2008 period, consequently raising transportation costs for food products. Furthermore, there has been a general rise in consumer inflation in Saudi’s main trading partners in 2008 occasioned by the global financial crisis. Indeed, the majority of Saudi’s main import markets have experienced a rise in the inflation rate with the inflation rate in the US (the utmost import market of Saudi Arabia Kingdom) rising from 2.9% in 2007 to 3.8% in 2008. The inflation rate also rose in other import markets including Germany (from 2.3% to 2.8% in 2008), India (6.4% to 8.3%), Korea (2.5% to 4.7%), and China from 4.8% to 5.9% (Dhakal, Kandil, 1993, p. 419). This general rise in the inflation rate in Saudi’s leading import markets triggered a price increase involving a broad range of imports including chemicals (rose by 14% in 2008), manufactured products (increased by 14%) and ma chinery and other equipment (rose by 6.2%). The Saudi inflation resulted to weakening of the exchange rates with leading currencies including the US Dollar against the Saudi’s Riyal. The current economic growth in Saudi began in 2003, but this did not translate to higher rents as much of the labor comprised of expatriates. However, in 2008, the rents began to rise because of the higher inflation rate. In particular, real estate and commercial establishments, which are in high demand, have registered increased rents occasioned by inflation. Inflation in Saudi Arabia from 1980 to 2010 The inflation rate in the Saudi economy has been low for the period 1980 to 2003 largely because of the oil boom experienced in the seventies. During this duration, the Saudi’s inflation rate fluctuated between a deflation and a small inflation with the average rate being less than 1% (Dhakal, Kandil, 1993, p. 421). However, since 2003, the rate of inflation has increased rapidly reaching a maximum of 11% in 2008. Then, between the last quarter of 2008 and the year 2009, it slowed down to an average of 4% in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Nevertheless, the inflation rate began rising beginning in 2010 to about 6% currently. Thus, Saudi Arabia has a history of fluctuating inflation. In particular, the consumer price index in most of Saudi’s history has been low. In the period between 1990 and 1999, the consumer price index rose by an average of only 1.3% while from 2000 to 2006, it increased by just 0.1%. The slow inflation rate indicated several factors including the availability of low-cost imports, average economic growth, capital mobility and high flexibility of the labor market. Additionally, the fixed exchange contributed significantly to a lower inflationary rate. Serious inflation only started in the year 2007. In this year, the average consumer-price inflation rose to an average of 4% annually in the first quarter (from 2.4% reported in 2006) to a high of 6.5% in the last quarter of 2008. The consumer prices gathered pace in this year, resulting to an inflation peak of 11.1%. This weakened the exchange rates. Nevertheless, lending by commercial banks was expanding, and by the second quarter of 2008, it stood at 35% just like in all other GCC countries. Global Financial Crisis and the Saudi Inflation The global financial crisis in 2007/2008 resulted to a decline in the inflation rate in most economies including Saudi Arabia because it resulted to a decline in liquidity and demand. However, there are indications that the inflation rate will not return to a low of 1% as experienced in the 1980s. Already, the inflation rate started rising in 2010 despite government intervention policies eliminating any hopes that it will come down further. The Inflationary Spike in the 2007/2008 period (Government expenditure 2004-2009 as a percentage of GDP As shown in the graph, in the 2007/2008 period, Saudi experienced the highest inflation in the country’s history. The IMF identified various factors as responsible for this unprecedented inflationary spike. The rise in food prices by an average of 7% during this period resulted to a pronounced Cost of Living Index of 4%. The food products that experienced sharp rises in prices included; vegetable (rose by 12%), cereals (by 7%), fish (by 12%), legumes (by 30%) and meat products, which rose by 6% (Hasan, Alogeel, 2008, p. 38). The inflation in other countries (trading partners) is also considered responsible for this inflationary spike. Since it is not easy to disentangle the inflation involving the global food prices, it is a leading cause of inflation in Saudi Arabia. In 2007/2008, inflation was also felt in many countries including Germany, China, the US, which form the principal import markets of Saudi Arabia. The trends increased in the 2007/2008 period with the CLI standing at 9.9%. The Computation of Inflation in Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arabia, inf lation is computed by the Central Department of Statistics and Information, a government department that operates independent of the Saudis central bank, the Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency (SAMA). This department uses two different indices in computing inflation: the Whole Sale Price Index and the Cost of Living Index (CLI), both of which are surveyed regularly by this department. However, the inflationary trends and the labor productivity are not regularly surveyed (Mehran, 2009, p. 3). Historically, Saudi has had a low and stable inflation. The CLI, in the context of Saudi, incorporates the prices of a broad range of products. The CLI relies on a 1999 index (Hasan, Alogeel, 2008, p. 41) whereby approximately 44% of the CLI comprises of rental and food costs. About 10% of the goods or services included in the CLI are the goods subsidized by the government such as electricity and petroleum products. In Saudi, the prices of these subsidized goods are set, and as a result, they have no impact on the CLI. In Saudi Arabia, the central bank, SAMA, is responsible for stabilizing the prices and the exchange rates. In theory, the maintenance of exchange rates is given a priority by SAMA to price stability. For a long period, this has been the case in Saudi’s economy. The consumer prices only rose by an average of 1.3% in the 1990-1999 periods and only 0.1% during the 2000-2007 periods (Wang, Wen, 2007, p. 204). During these periods, the exchange rate remained relatively stable. The inflation rate during these periods was low attributable to cheap imports from import markets, flexibility in capital and labor markets and a moderate economic growth. Evidently, the fixed exchange rate lowered the inflationary rate. How Does Inflation Affect the Society, Firms and the Government? The effects of inflation in an economy are everywhere. It affects people, various firms or government economic agents in different ways. In any society, there are two broad economic groups: the flexible income group and the fixed income group (Keran, Al Malik, 1979, p. 11). During periods of inflation, individuals in the flexible income group gain while those belonging to the fixed income group lose. This arises because the price or cost of various goods and services is not uniform. Usually, during inflation, although the aggregate price level rises, the rate at which the cost of individual goods increase differs. In other words, the prices of some goods or services may rise while that of other goods remains relatively unchanged. The middle class and the poor, whose salaries are largely fixed even as the prices of consumer goods continue to increase. By contrast, people in the flexible income group including the industrialists, traders, speculators, businesspersons, and real estate developers, gain from the rise in prices of goods. Thus, the second category becomes rich at the expense of the first group. This means there is a net movement of wealth and income from th e poor in the society to the wealthy individuals. In general, the income group in the society that loses or reaps from high inflation is largely dependent on anticipatory practice of individuals. The individuals who anticipate inflation accurately, can change their buying, lending or borrowing practices to avoid either lose of income or gain wealth from inflation (Engle, Granger, 1987, p. 253). The effect of inflation on individuals is different, and as such, it is vital to discuss the effect on various groups separately Debtors and Creditors- In times of inflation, the creditors, in general, are adversely affected. The real value that they can get from money lent out is pegged on the inflation rate. On the other hand, the debtors benefit during periods of inflation as they pay significantly less than the amount they had borrowed in real value (Engle, Granger, 1987, p. 253). As such, inflation affects the creditors while favoring the debtors. Wage Earners – This group may lose or gain during inflation based on how their wages respond to increases in prices. If the wages appropriately respond to the rising prices of goods, then their wages may be pegged on the Cost of Living Index. If this happens, then the wage earners get protection from the adverse effects of inflation. However, more often, there is a delay between the rise in prices and the increase in the employee’s wages by employers, which exposes the wage earners to the negative effects of inflation. The Salaried individuals- Normally, white-collar jobs adjust to inflation slowly than other jobs, as they are performance-based and contractual. Thus, during inflation, individuals with white-collar jobs lose as their salaries are fixed. Fixed Income group of individuals- This group comprises of pensioners, persons under social security, and unemployment benefits among others. Additionally, the recipients of rent also fall under this category. They lose because the payment they receive is f ixed, while the prices of goods continue to rise and the value of money deteriorates. The Investors- The investors fall under the flexible income category; they gain from increased demand. During inflation, the rising prices mean that the company reaps more and more profits. Consequently, the value of the shares or equities held continues to increase as does the dividends. However, investors in bonds and debentures, which have a fixed interest rate, do not gain during inflation as they receive a fixed income even as the value of money declines. Businessmen and other Traders- This group comprises of real estate developers, producers and businesspersons. They gain during inflation as the prices of the goods or property they are trading in rises. At the same time, the cost of production does not increase in line with the prices. Thus, when the price of the trader’s products rises, the income also rises by the same proportion especially in the short run. For real estate developer s, the prices of land and property rise at a faster rate during inflation and hence they make a profit. However, prolonged instability in prices hampers accurate business decision-making. Thus, in the end, wages may rise and subsequently reduce the profits, which in turn would affect future investments. Agriculturalists and Peasant Farmers- This group include peasant farmers, property owners and agriculturalists with no land ownership. The property owners receive fixed rents despite the increase in prices; thus, they loose. In contrast, the peasant farmers gain, as they own land and cultivate goods whose prices keep on rising during inflation. In times of inflation, though the cost of production increases, the prices of agricultural products increase at a much faster rate (Nelson, Plosser, 1982, p. 141). In other words, the cost of farm inputs and land rates do not increase at the same rate as the increase in the prices of agricultural products. Thus, peasant farmers who own and cu ltivate crops gain during inflation as the general prices of food crops rise. On the other hand, agricultural workers who are landless and rely on wages paid by the owners of farms lose during inflation, as their wages remain the same even as the prices of consumer goods increase. Additionally, since they often lack trade unions to lobby for wage increment, they are losers during inflation. The Government- The government loses and gains during inflation as inflation affects the government both positively and negatively. As a debtor, the government gains from inflation through high interest paid by creditors, usually households. This arises from the fact that, â€Å"during inflation, the interest rates on debentures and government bonds remain fixed† (Engle, Granger, 1987, p. 254); they are not raised to offset the corresponding increase in prices. Additionally, the government through the tax levied can pay off its domestic debt. Inflationary finance obtained from the tax can help the government to fund its activities. As the level of income of employees in response to inflation increase, the government gains through taxation and levies on the incomes and goods. As a result, the government revenue increases as prices rise during inflation. However, the government can also lose through the rise in the salaries of public servants and the rise in the cost of financing public projects including infrastructure, healthcare and schools or educational facilities. Policies taken by the Saudi Government to Curb Inflation The decline in Saudi’s inflation during the 2007 world financial crisis was attributed to several reasons. Among them is the fall in prices of commodities in Saudi’s import markets, a reduction of oil prices, a reduction in domestic demand, and the rise in the Dollar value against leading currencies globally. However, the outlook of Saudi’s inflation indicates that inflation is likely to increase again despite the government policies to curb it. The expected rise in oil prices, which will result to increased public spending, prolonged dollar weakness, expected increases in world prices of agricultural products and the rise in public expenditure are among the factors that would lead to the rise in inflation again. The government policies in response to inflation have not been effective as indicated by the rise of the inflation rate since 2010. The SAMA tightened the monetary and fiscal policies during the inflationary spike. These included an increase in the value of reserve requirements for commercial banks and tightening of the treasury bills issues. However, the ineffectiveness of these measures prompted SAMA to change focus to exchange rate control especially the pegging of the Saudi riyal to the US dollar. Commentators made two observations; first, the pegging of the riyal on the dollar created imported inflation as indicated by the sharp rise in inflation during the weakening of the US dollar rela tive to leading world currencies (Kandil, Hanan, 2009, p. 7). In 2007, the US dollar’s Nominal Effective Exchange Rate i.e. its value against weighted value of principal currencies depreciated by 4.3% in 2007 compared to only 1.5% the previous year. This resulted to increase in import prices and subsequently on Saudi’s retail prices. The second observation regarded the monetary policy. The pegging of the riyal on the dollar limited SAMA’s policy options especially with regard to reducing credit and interest rates. If SAMA increased or lowered the interest rates without consideration of the US rates, then this will attract capital inflows, which in turn would result to a rise in the exchange rate. The 2007 financial crisis did little to dampen lending by commercial banks, which stood at 35%: an indicator that, Saudi’s economy was growing remarkably fast (Kandil, Hanan, 2009, p. 9). However, the rate cutting by the US during the same period meant that SAM A had limited options of redeeming liquidity growth to curb inflation. In particular, many policy options are available to the Saudi government to curb inflation. The first policy option involved government’s intervention in the determination of the prices of essential goods. The mechanism here involved price control of commodities especially food products. However, this presented a problem; it affected investment and affected the privatization program in a market economy. The second policy involved government intervention to prevent the rise of rents and real estate rates through the determination of the annual rent increases. However, this had the potential of affecting the real estate sector, reducing investments into the sector and encouraging capital outflow into other investment destinations abroad. Ultimately, this would create a shortage of real estate in the country. A third policy option involves delinking the evaluation of the riyal on the US dollar or raising its value to a higher level. However, this would enhance speculation on the riyal, which would hamper investment and the riyal’s stability. Other policies available include reducing the export of agricultural goods whose prices are high especially agricultural products. The mechanism here involves taxation to reduce the export volumes. However, this affects investments in production and agricultural sectors. Another policy option involves increasing the interest rates to discourage borrowing and encourage saving and reduce liquidity. However, this again affects investment as the cost of borrowing increases. The other policy option involves the reduction of the government expenditure especially in public projects. However, this hampers economic growth rate and recovery as distinguished projects are delayed. The Solution Provided for these Problems The policies implemented by the Saudi government were largely ineffective as the inflation rate, which declined to 4% in 2009 rose to 5 % in 2010 (Kandil, Hanan, 2009, p. 4) The solution provided here is to implement policies that curb inflation but do not affect the national economy or conflict with market mechanisms. The policies need to be comprehensive with fewer impacts on the market economy. In particular, maintaining the stability of the Saudi currency is paramount in curbing inflation. However, this does not mean fixing its value at a higher rate relative to other currencies. Instead, it implies not pegging the Saudi Riyal entirely on the US dollar as this affects the monetary policy especially when the value of the dollar, relative to capital currencies, declines. By not pegging the riyal on US dollar, agricultural goods will attract other investors dealing in other leading currencies, which would raise the world food prices. Additionally, this would result to increased domestic investment especially in the housing sector and ultimately raise the rent rates. However, the mortgage law, which has been propos ed, could serve to alleviate the rental pressures by discouraging investments in real estate and commercial buildings by encouraging investments in middle-level residential housing. Thus, the solution is two pronged: not pegging the riyal on the US dollar alone and the proposed mortgage law. Conclusion This paper involved a study of the causes and effects of inflation in Saudi Arabia between 1980 and 2010. This period showed a significant fluctuation of inflation due to both external and domestic factors. Evidence from the 2008 inflationary spike indicates that, external factors are the prime determinants of Saudi’s inflation; a finding that agrees with the fact that Saudi’s economy is an open trade economy with oil exports and import of many commodities from abroad. The rise in world prices, accompanied by the decline in the value of the US dollar relative to the world main currencies, helped trigger inflation in Saudi during the 2000-2006 period. Additionally, domest ic factors such as the rise in demand occasioned by a rapid rise in oil prices also contributed to the high inflation in Saudi. Nevertheless, the high inflation appears unrelated to money supply in Saudi’s economy. This could be explained by the observation that the riyal is pegged on the US dollar and, therefore, Saudi interest rate is consistent with the fed interest rates. As a result, the low interest rate involving the US dollar has led to low interest-rate effect on Saudi inflation. On the other hand, the low interest rate has presented challenges to Saudi’s monetary policy. Thus, in order to curb inflation in Saudi, monetary policies have to be formulated in a way that diversify the Saudi economy and encourage local output to cut down on imports. Also, reviewing the exchange rate policy by avoiding the pegging of the Riyal on the US dollar can be helpful in combating the high rate of inflation in Saudi. Recommendations To control inflation rate in Saudi in light of external factors, this paper proposes the following recommendations: The adoption of a monetary policy that targets the inflation rate. The fiscal and monetary policies should be based on the inflation rate framework so that the exchange rates and wages are adjusted in line with the prices. For this monetary policy to become successful, the government must reveal the inflation target to all citizens, investors and business community when presenting the national budget so that the interest rate of their savings is adjusted in this regard. Additionally, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) should show commitment in achieving target inflation rate by enhancing transparency in the computation of inflation. Period publications, which show the inflation rates and the deviation from the target inflation rates, can also be useful. The government must also illustrate the approaches of dealing with inflation and strategies of mitigating the effects of inflation, in order to cushion i nvestors and savers from unpredictable interest rates and prices. In controlling inflation or its effects, the government must not rely on policies that in any way affect the market mechanisms and force as this will affect liquidity. The government must undertake to increase the national output, especially of agricultural and food products to cut down on imports. The findings in this paper indicate that import inflation is largely responsible for the current high inflation in Saudi. Thus, by reducing increasing production, imports from inflation-prone economies will be reduced. Lastly, the Saudi government must seek a solution for the high rents for real estate and housing sector through the mortgage law. Otherwise, inflation and its effects will continue to affect the national economy. Reference List Alshathree, S. (2003). Determinants of inflation in GCC: Master Dissertation. Economic  Department, King Saud University, 12-25 Darrat, A. (1985). The monetary Explanation of Inflat ion: The experience of three major OPEC economies. Journal of Economics and Business, 37(16), 209-221. Dhakal, D., Kandil, M. (1993). The inflationary experiences of six developing countries in Asia: An investigation of underlying determinants. Applied Economics, 25, 413-425. Engle, R., Granger, J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation; estimating and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276. Hasan, M., Alogeel, H. (2008). Understanding the Inflationary Process in the GCC Region: The Case of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. International Monetary Fund Working Paper, 08/193, 33-47 Juselius, K. (1992). Domestic and foreign effects on prices in an open economy: The case of Denmark. Journal of Policy Modeling, 14(6), 401-428. Kandil, M. Hanan, M. (2009). Determinants of inflation in GCC. International Monetary  Fund Working Paper, 09/82, 1-9. Keran, M., Al Malik, A. (1979). Monetary sources of inflation in Saudi Arabia. Federal  Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Re view, 11-18. Mehran, H. (2009). Inflation in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries and the role of oil funds in economic stability. Discussion Paper Series, Arab Planning Institute, 2-4. Nelson, C., Plosser, C. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10(4), 139-162. Wang, P., Wen, Y. (2007). Inflation dynamics: A cross-country investigation. Journal  of Monetary Economics, 54(7), 204-231. This essay on Inflation in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Azar1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Indie Authors Checklist for Self-Publishing on Amazon

An Indie Authors Checklist for Self-Publishing on Amazon Comic book, cook book, travel guide, childrens book, educational text, memoir, manga, or the next great novel †¦ youve decided to publish your book yourself and market it on Amazon, the worlds largest bookstore.In so doing, you will maintain creative control of your work and own your copyright. Print-on-demand means no minimum orders and your book will never be out of stock, as Amazon presents it to readers throughout a behemoth international distribution network.Since its owned by Amazon, Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) is a likely choice for many indie authors. Publishing eBooks since 2009, KDP took over from CreateSpace last year as Amazons paperback self-publishing platform. Books published on KDP link directly to Amazon and earn up to 60% royalties on the set list price (minus printing costs), and 70% for eBooks.To make a self-publishing income stream a reality, you will wear a lot of hats and need to accomplish the 32 tasks listed below. Decide which jobs you can do yoursel f and which you will contract out. Use every business and artistic decision as an opportunity to reinforce your author brand.Write the book. Rewrite. Submit it to your critique group. Rewrite. Submit it to your beta readers. Rewrite. Hire an editor. Rewrite. Polish the final manuscript to a glossy sheen. This is the Body of the book.Decide how you want your book to physically look and feel. Stack up books you admire and study them. Educate yourself to the particular trim sizes, fonts and other characteristics that are conventional for different genres. Notice, for example, that young adult fiction doesnt have the same layout as narrative non-fiction.Hire an artist or graphic designer for illustrations, tables, maps or chapter heading designs. Or master Photoshop and do this yourself, ensuring all images are at least 300 dpi.Prepare the Front Matter (some of which is optional): the frontispiece, title page, copyright page, dedication, epigraph, table of contents, foreword or preface, prologue or introduction. You will print the books ISBN on the copyright page, so you need to acquire that and type the 13-digit number on the copyright page before saving the manuscript as a PDF file.Prepare the Back Matter (again, much is optional): epilogue or conclusion, appendix or addendum, chronology or endnotes, bibliography and references, list of contributors, endnotes, copyright permissions and acknowledgments, glossary, authors note (including contact invitation), teaser for the next installment in the series.Link the Front Matter, the Body and the Back Matter- thats your book!Design the book or hire a book designer. This is a centuries-old art form, not pages slapped between a cover. Every element from font type to chapter headings and scene-separating symbols is an opportunity to reinforce your story and your author brand.Format the book or hire a book formatter. Microsoft Word is capable of formatting many projects, though for multiple or complex manuscripts, its wor th learning Adobe InDesign. Formatting is a focused, detail-oriented task involving running headers, pagination, beginning chapters on a right-facing page, and banishing widows, orphans and unintentional blank space. Be thorough and consistent. Dont be intimidated by terms like recto, verso, kerning and leading. Youre an author- master the language! KDP Tools and Resources has a step-by-step formatting guide. You can format an eBook and a paperback with simple layout working off your Word document and templates from Kindle Create, a free desktop app.Turn your formatted book into a single PDF.Design the cover or hire a cover designer. Write the back cover copy. You will not know the precise width of the spine, until you have uploaded the interior of the book. Also, you will later obtain a bar code with a specific ISBN number and (optional) pricing information. The bar code will be printed on the back cover. So you will complete the cover design step later. KDP offers Cover Creator, a free tool to design a simple cover that meets Kindles specifications. Whatever your design method, choose simple elements so your cover will read well and stand out among Amazons thumbnail images.Plan the book launch campaign. Should your release date dovetail with Latvias Centennial Celebration, or something significant to your subject matter? Plan to get face-to-face with readers during the excitement of your new book release by planning a calendar of bookstore and library signings now. Write a press release and set up who will receive it and when. Prepare a list of reviewers who will receive advance copies of your opus.Amazon rankings are influenced by a flurry of sales activity in a short period of time, so take advantage of the initial hoopla to affect a spike in sales.Build or maintain your author platform. You want your book to arrive hot-off-the-press to fanfare! Dont let your social media presence lapse just because you are in formatting purgatory. Schedule six months of p osts in advance.Print bookmarks, display posters and flyers. Practice performing readings before an audience.Use your e-mail list to keep fans and readers in the loop, let them count down with you to the release date, and invite them to events.Make sure your browser is updated.Congratulations! If you have completed the above 16 steps, youve accomplished the work of a team of publishing professionals.At this point, you may choose from many print-on-demand providers. If your heart is set on a hardcover, for example, Ingram Spark would be a better fit than KDP. You can utilize both or several platforms to achieve your objectives. Research your options thoroughly for the best fit before committing your time and money or signing any agreements. Authors who select Amazons KDP will find the process to be straightforward and user-friendly. Onward!Set up your KDP account. Then, go to your Bookshelf and Create A New Title. Most of the info required is obvious, but Book Description, Keywords a nd Price should be carefully considered.Your 4000-character Book Description will appear on Amazon, and must catch a readers interest and motivate a purchase.Provide 7 keywords or short phrases that will make your book discoverable.Set the price.KDP offers authors the option to use their own ISBN (International Standard Book Number), purchase discounted Bowker ISBNs, or obtain free ISBNs with KDP Print as the imprint.Select trim size, page color, and cover finish, as prompted.Upload the PDF file containing your paperbacks manuscript, aka the interior.Complete the Cover Design (step #10 above) with the precise, required dimensions (front, back and spine) and bar code. Now that you know the books page count, ISBN, and pricing, KDPs Cover Template Generator will give you the covers exact dimensions and unique bar code.Upload the cover PDF file.Launch the Previewer. Any problems that will impact printing will be reported. Some errors will have to be corrected. Others may be ignored if y ou want to risk a suboptimal outcome. You may inspect a digital proof by downloading the Print Previewer, or order a physical proof, or both.Approve the proof and submit the files for a Manual Check. After your book passes, it is available for sale on Amazon.Kindle Create will format the manuscript file for an eBook, which is similarly uploaded, proofed, submitted, reviewed and published.Your KDP Bookshelf will show that your books are Live and Available for Purchase on Amazon! Purchase a quantity for your promotional needs. Savor holding your book in your hands and the effort it represents.Go to Amazons AuthorCentral.com and set up your Author Page- an important and potentially juicy component of your platform. Through this portal, add editorial reviews for your book, track book sales, see and respond to reader reviews, chat with your readers and fix issues with your book listings.Create your Amazon.com Author Page.Dont forget to create a direct link from your website to your books detail page on Amazon. Post this link on your social media sites.Get reviews! Potential readers may ignore a book that has zero reviews.Promote! Move up Amazon rankings with flights of intense promotional activity in a short period of time. Drop the price of your book for 5 – 7 days. Or invent a giveaway, hoping that many of the winner-readers will return a favorable review. Do a virtual book or blog tour. Learn more on KDP Select and Kindlepreneur.Deposit royalties. KDP pays royalties every month, approximately 60 days after the end of the month in which they were earned.Follow this checklist to self-publish on Amazon. Photo by Suzy Hazelwood from Pexels.Remember, as an indie author, you are the ultimate and only source for your book. If youre new to this, you may make mistakes. Correct them. You are not Simon Schuster. You offer an artisanal product, according to a savvy business model that maintains 60% royalties. Put forth your best effort and build ethical, personal re lationships with your readers and publishing associates.Further help: K-boards and the KDP Community.

Business-accounting information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business-accounting information systems - Essay Example The purpose of this report is to provide a company with an inadequate accounting system the basic elements of an accounting system and which computerized accounting system can provide assistance for the company. Accounting is the information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users (Weigant & Keiso & Kimmel, 2002, p.2). The identification process involves the recognizing economic events which create activity that affects the bottom line of a business. These activities include expenses, sales of physical goods or services, purchase of materials or inventory, payroll, accounts payables, account receivables, recognition of liabilities and equity investment transactions. The activities must be recorded in a book called the general journal which can be either manual or electronic. The general journal is a simple system which records transactions as two input transactions where a debit and its corresponding credit are recorded for every economic transaction. In all accounting systems the sum of all credits must equal the sum of all debits. The reporting of the financial results of a company is illustrated within its financial sta tements. These must be created at the end of an accounting cycle which is typically a one year cycle. The four basic financial statements are The Income Statement, The Balance Sheet, The Statement of Cash Flow and the Statement of Stockholders Equity. In order for a company to create the end result of the accounting system which is the financial statements, a series of procedures occur over the course of a year which is called the accounting cycle. Appendix A provides a flow chart which illustrates the 9-step process of the accounting cycle. The accounting discipline is self regulated and people practicing accounting must follow a strict set of standards which are called generally accepted accounting

Tea Party Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tea Party Movement - Research Paper Example It is quite easy to find analogues of the present phenomenon of Tea Party Movement in a recent American history - this is the relative success of Ross Perot in the Presidential Election in 1992 and the overall success of Ronald Reagan with his right-wing populist coalition which supported him in the election of 1980, and even Barry Goldwater’s presidential campaign, who lost the elections, yet mobilized a significant public support in his favor (Harris, 2010, p. 33). Nevertheless, TPM gives the impression of something very new. Its name – Tea Party, was borrowed from American history, as it is associated with American olden times and patriotic spirit. Growing tension between the colonies and the metropolis after the Boston Tea Party eventually led to the War of Independence. There is a clear relationship between the Boston Tea Party and the present one: people in Boston were protesting against arbitrariness of British political and financial elite and now people protest against the arrogant financial elite and the federal government and presidential policies all over America. This conservative movement, disappointed with the policy of the U.S. President and excessive, in their view, liberalism of the Republican Party, has strengthened its political position. According to the recent survey, the percentage of Americans who support the military campaign in Afghanistan fell to its lowest level since 2001.   The result is very unfavorable for Barack Obama, who actively plays the card of fighting global terrorism.  The situation looks even gloomier on the domestic political front, where the Administration has to struggle fierce critics of the health reform.  In other words, President Barack Obama has created the Tea Party Movement with his own hands, the movement, which expresses the most conservative views primarily of white middle- aged and middle class Americans and took its present shape probably in 2010. Moreover, it involved thousands of people who were totally indifferent to politics before. The nature of American politics has been dramatically rev olutionized by the Tea Party’s ability to politicize people who were previously apolitical. Having never felt any deference for elite opinion makers in the first place, the newly politicized Tea Partiers find it easy to turn their backs on them.  (Harris, 2010, p. 5) The initial impulse for its creation, apparently, was the adoption of the Paulson Plan by Congress in autumn of 2008, aimed at saving the largest U.S. banks at the expense of the state budget, that is, ultimately, taxpayers.  The law was adopted against the clear disagreement of the majority of voters. Disturbance by the actions of the political establishment, which rushed to rescue the fat cats at the expense of ordinary Americans, was very strong.  Around the same time another problem appeared at the center of public attention practically first – the state debt.  It was a kind of reality breakthrough in the mass consciousness.   Our political system is dysfunctional, Congress is unrepresentativ e; government is out of control and the political parties are part of the system, both of them. (Hillyer, 2009, p. 47) February 19, 2009, about 7 o’clock in the morning,  standing in the midst of stock gamblers and officials of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the editor of business news of CNBC channel, Rick Santelli, attacked the Obama administration’s plan to refinance mortgages. It was he who sarcastically said about Chicago Tea Party in July, advising all the capitalists to